microservices-patterns

SKILL.md 节选

# Microservices Patterns

Master microservices architecture patterns including service boundaries, inter-service communication, data management, and resilience patterns for building distributed systems.

## When to Use This Skill

- Decomposing monoliths into microservices
- Designing service boundaries and contracts
- Implementing inter-service communication
- Managing distributed data and transactions
- Building resilient distributed systems
- Implementing service discovery and load balancing
- Designing event-driven architectures

## Core Concepts

### 1. Service Decomposition Strategies

**By Business Capability**

- Organize services around business functions
- Each service owns its domain
- Example: OrderService, PaymentService, InventoryService

**By Subdomain (DDD)**

- Core domain, supporting subdomains
- Bounded contexts map to services
- Clear ownership and responsibility

**Strangler Fig Pattern**

- Gradually extract from monolith
- New functionality as microservices
- Proxy routes to old/new systems

### 2. Communication Patterns

**Synchronous (Request/Response)**

- REST APIs
- gRPC
- GraphQL

**Asynchronous (Events/Messages)**

- Event streaming (Kafka)
- Message queues (RabbitMQ, SQS)
- Pub/Sub patterns

### 3. Data Management

**Database Per Service**

- Each service owns its data
- No shared databases
- Loose coupling

**Saga Pattern**

- Distributed transactions
- Compensating actions
- Eventual consistency

### 4. Resilience Patterns

**Circuit Breaker**

- Fail fast on repeated errors
- Prevent cascade failures

**Retry with Backoff**

- Transient fault handling
- Exponential backoff

**Bulkhead**

- Isolate resources
- Limit impact of failures

## Service Decomposition Patterns

### Pattern 1: By Business Capability

```python
# E-commerce example

# Order Service
class OrderService:
    """Handles order lifecycle."""

    async def create_order(self, order_data: dict) -> Order:
        order = Order.create(order_data)

        # Publish event for other services
        await self.event_bus.publish(
            OrderCreatedEvent(
                order_id=order.id,
                customer_id=order.customer_id,
                items=order.items,
                total=order.total
            )
        )

        return order

# Payment Service (separate service)
class PaymentService:
    """Handles payment processing."""

    async def process_payment(self, payment_request: PaymentRequest) -> PaymentResult:
        # Process payment
        result = await self.payment_gateway.charge(
            amount=payment_request.amount,
            customer=payment_request.customer_id
        )

        if result.success:
            await self.event_bus.publish(
                PaymentCompletedEvent(
                    order_id=payment_request.order_id,
                    transaction_id=result.transaction_id
                )
            )

        return result

# Inventory Service (separate service)
class InventoryService:
    """Handles inventory management."""

    async def reserve_items(self, order_id: str, items: List[OrderItem]) -> ReservationResult:
        # Check availability
        for item in items:
            available = await self.inventory_repo.get_available(item.product_id)
            if available < item.quantity:
                return ReservationResult(
                    success=False,
                    error=f"Insufficient inventory for {item.product_id}"
                )

        # Reserve items
        reservation = await self.create_reservation(order_id, items)

        await self.event_bus.publish(
            InventoryReservedEvent(
                order_id=order_id,
                reservation_id=reservation.id
            )
        )

        return ReservationResult(success=True, reservation=reservation)
```

### Pattern 2: API Gateway

```python
from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException, Depends
import httpx
from circuitbreaker import circuit

app = FastAPI()

class APIGateway:
    """Central entry point for all client requests."""

    def __init__(self):

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