financial-statements

SKILL.md 节选

# Financial Statements

**Important**: This skill assists with financial statement workflows but does not provide financial advice. All statements should be reviewed by qualified financial professionals before use in reporting or filings.

Formats, GAAP presentation requirements, common adjustments, and flux analysis methodology for income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow statements.

## Income Statement

### Standard Format (Classification of Expenses by Function)

```
Revenue
  Product revenue
  Service revenue
  Other revenue
Total Revenue

Cost of Revenue
  Product costs
  Service costs
Total Cost of Revenue

Gross Profit

Operating Expenses
  Research and development
  Sales and marketing
  General and administrative
Total Operating Expenses

Operating Income (Loss)

Other Income (Expense)
  Interest income
  Interest expense
  Other income (expense), net
Total Other Income (Expense)

Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes
  Income tax expense (benefit)
Net Income (Loss)

Earnings Per Share (if applicable)
  Basic
  Diluted
```

### GAAP Presentation Requirements (ASC 220 / IAS 1)

- Present all items of income and expense recognized in a period
- Classify expenses either by nature (materials, labor, depreciation) or by function (COGS, R&D, S&M, G&A) — function is more common for US companies
- If classified by function, disclose depreciation, amortization, and employee benefit costs by nature in the notes
- Present operating and non-operating items separately
- Show income tax expense as a separate line
- Extraordinary items are prohibited under both US GAAP and IFRS
- Discontinued operations presented separately, net of tax

### Common Presentation Considerations

- **Revenue disaggregation:** ASC 606 requires disaggregation of revenue into categories that depict how the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue are affected by economic factors
- **Stock-based compensation:** Classify within the functional expense categories (R&D, S&M, G&A) with total SBC disclosed in notes
- **Restructuring charges:** Present separately if material, or include in operating expenses with note disclosure
- **Non-GAAP adjustments:** If presenting non-GAAP measures (common in earnings releases), clearly label and reconcile to GAAP

## Balance Sheet

### Standard Format (Classified Balance Sheet)

```
ASSETS
Current Assets
  Cash and cash equivalents
  Short-term investments
  Accounts receivable, net
  Inventory
  Prepaid expenses and other current assets
Total Current Assets

Non-Current Assets
  Property and equipment, net
  Operating lease right-of-use assets
  Goodwill
  Intangible assets, net
  Long-term investments
  Other non-current assets
Total Non-Current Assets

TOTAL ASSETS

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current Liabilities
  Accounts payable
  Accrued liabilities
  Deferred revenue, current portion
  Current portion of long-term debt
  Operating lease liabilities, current portion
  Other current liabilities
Total Current Liabilities

Non-Current Liabilities
  Long-term debt
  Deferred revenue, non-current
  Operating lease liabilities, non-current
  Other non-current liabilities
Total Non-Current Liabilities

Total Liabilities

Stockholders' Equity
  Common stock
  Additional paid-in capital
  Retained earnings (accumulated deficit)
  Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
  Treasury stock
Total Stockholders' Equity

TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
```

### GAAP Presentation Requirements (ASC 210 / IAS 1)

- Distinguish between current and non-current assets and liabilities
- Current: expected to be realized, consumed, or settled within 12 months (or the operating cycle if longer)
- Present assets in order of liquidity (most liquid first) — standard US practice
- Accounts receivable shown net of allowance for credit losses (ASC 326)
- Property and equipment shown net of accumulated depreciation
- Goodwill is not amortized — tested for impairment annually (ASC 350)
- Leases: recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for operating and finance leases (ASC 842)

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